APA Style Format Essay Example for Free

APA Style Format Essay Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, second printing. Contributors:Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck Last Edited: 2012-05-30 12:19:58 Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA. To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart. You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel. General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5 x 11) with 1 margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. Include a page header (also known as the running head) at the top of every page. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type TITLE OF YOUR PAPER in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your papers title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. Major Paper Sections Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, andReferences. Title Page The title page should contain the title of the paper, the authors name, and theinstitutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should look like this: Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER After consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA 6th edition, first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after the title page. This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the errors in the APAs 6th edition style guide. Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Beneath the title, type the authors name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (Ph.D.). Beneath the authors name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research. APA Title Page Abstract Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center the word â€Å"Abstract† (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks). Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words. You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases. APA Abstract Page Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers. How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA Individual Resources Contributors names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL. Contributors names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resource Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ n-Text Citations: The Basics Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, second printing. Contributors:Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck Last Edited: 2012-09-14 09:39:55 Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay. Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found APA Citation Basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the authors last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.) When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word:Natural-Born Cyborgs. Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcocks Vertigo. Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds; The One Where Chandler Cant Cry. Short Quotations If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by p.). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the authors last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (1998), Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time (p. 199). Jones (1998) found students often had difficulty using APA style (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the authors last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, Students often had difficulty using APA style (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. Long Quotations Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Joness (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) Summary or Paraphrase If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.) According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199). In-Text Citations: Author/Authors Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, second printing. Contributors:Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck Last Edited: 2011-10-28 07:37:33 APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers. Citing an Author or Authors A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word and between the authors names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports (Wegener Petty, 1994) A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, Harlow, 1993) In subsequent citations, only use the first authors last name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Kernis et al., 1993) In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Six or More Authors: Use the first authors name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Harris et al. (2001) argued (Harris et al., 2001) Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (Using APA, 2001). Note: In the rare case the Anonymous is used for the author, treat it as the authors name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. According to the American Psychological Association (2000), If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000) Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords: When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterwords in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual. (Funk Kolln, 1992) Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). Citing Indirect Sources If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. Johnson argued that(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. Also, try to locate the original material and cite the original source. Electronic Sources If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Kenneth (2000) explained Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation n.d. (for no date). Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring (Tutoring and APA, n.d.). Sources Without Page Numbers When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation para. followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite. According to Smith (1997), (Mind over Matter section, para. 6). Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination.

The Concept of Total Warfare :: Papers

The Concept of total Warfare developed in the early nineteenth century due to the economic development and political ideology. Factors that constitute total war 1) The percentage of the population that identifies itself with the war of its nation. i.e the citizens feeling about the conflict, a just war. 2) The percentage of the population and resources that participate in the conflict, in terms of industrial, agricultural and military terms. 3) The percentage of people affected by the conflict, in economic, social and military terms. 4) Common objective pursued by the conflict. Prior to the development of the modern state system, conflict was limited The war of total populations. In the age of total warfare, mass identify themselves fully with the nation's conflict Morally- the righteousness of the conflict in the interest of the nation Empirical - The character of conflict since the Napoleonic period. In the period of limited war, a state or a sovereign has the right to declare war in terms of ethics and law, against those who did not have the moral and legal right to take up arms. Yet one must keep in mind that all just war in the period of limited warfare was ambiguous and was discarded in the nineteenth century as leaders realized conflict to be a instrument of national/ dynastic policy. Conflict was often limited to outmaneuvering the enemy. Prior to the Napoleonic war it was common for a sovereign to use foreign troop's and mercenaries in conflict. e.g British use of German troops in the American war of independence. Even in the Napoleonic wars it was common to see foreign troops to used in conflict. In this period desertion was common not only among individual solders but of entire fighting formations. The French were the fist use conscription in 1793. To safeguard the newly created The First Republic, universal military service was used as a vehicle of nationalism. This was to be a character of modern war. French in the revolutionary war's Prussian and Italian wars of liberation and unifications War by total populations. Conflict in the twentieth century differed from that of the nineteenth century. National liberation and unification to national universalism, the increase in the percentage of the population participation in conflict was enlarged due to the economic changers of the previous decades. Not only did able bodied man had to participate in conflict women,children and the old now had to be used for the purpose of warfare.

Corporate Strategy Analysis Discussion Essay

The Destination CEO videos offered a great insight into the lives of the people that have to run the huge organizations. It seems as if all of them have been faced with a challenge somewhere within their careers. The following paper will discuss the different corporate strategies: growth, stability, and renewal. It will also discuss how each CEO used the planning function of management which are concentration, vertical integration, and diversification. I agreed with my teammates discussions of the CEOs of the companies. We discussed four CEOs: Neville Isdell, Coca-Cola CEO, Gary Kelly, Southwest Airline CEO, Mackey McDonald, VF Corporation CEO, and Anne Mulcahy, Xerox CEO. The corporate strategy that was used by Neville Isdell is growth and the planning function used is diversification. This is due to the fact that he is seeking to branch out by selling non-carbonated beverages. Such as Coca-Cola Black, a coffee and buying all or part of vitamin water from Glasso. The corporate strategies used by Gary Kelly are growth and stability, and planning function of management is concentration. The reason for this is locking up the hedge fund contracts, and keeping cost down. Continuing to fly the same planes (737) so that parts and maintenance are easy is a great strategy. He also promotes treating customers like kings and queens, and employees even better! The corporate strategy used by Mackey McDonald is growth and the planning function is vertical integration and concentration. This is because of the focus on their lifestyle brands, such as Vans and Reef. They avoid getting involved in the high risk fashion brands & stayed with the commodity brands. Concentrate more on what the consumer would use every day. The corporate strategy used by Anne Mulcahy is renewal and the planning function is concentration. She took over when Xerox was on the brink of bankruptcy. She had to cut cost to be able to make the company successful. She even had to shut down the division that she herself had started (Destination CEO video). Kathleen McWain wrote, â€Å"Neville Isdell or the Indiana Jones of Coke displayed innovation and commitment to employee morale. Isdell handled flat sales growth, low morale and high turnover with  aggressive globalization. Coca-Cola decided to be a total beverage company introducing Dasani water and Fuze tea. Isdell convinced his board that just because Pepsi had branched into other markets successful Coke needed to go more towards global domination than diversification. Cokes sales are no longer sluggish, moral is high and employee turn over is low. I applaud Gary Kelly’s fuel hedge fund and that he is keeping Southwest airlines in the black. His flying in coach to experience what his passenger do gives Mr. Kelly a better insight into how his company runs, which I feel really helps him make tough resource allocation calls. That being said I do not think that Mr. Kelly’s Band-Aid patch of Southwest’s underfunded, profit destroying, pension plan dealt with the problem. (all pension plans paid after the employee retires are profit destroyers) I think it only delayed the fact that either the pension plan needs to be funded or pensioners must have their pensions reduced. As Southwest is not the only underfunded pension plan in the country. I feel Southwest is waiting to see if another company is successful in reducing pension payments to retirees. I also feel that as soon as a company is successful in either dumping or strongly cutting pensioners pay other companies will follow and it will be like domino falling.† As stated in the introduction, my team wrote the same things about the videos. The CEOs of each company made the same impact on us all. They stories of the CEOs and what they went they endured, and in some cases still enduring, is motivational. I personally would have probably given up by now. However, the most motivational one to me is Anne Mulcahy, because she took a company on the brink of bankruptcy and turned Xerox around into a powerhouse. How awesome is that! References Bateman, T. (2011). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitve World(9th ed.). Retrieved from http//: www.ecampus.phoenix.edu. Destination CEO Videos

Green Supply Chain Management ( Gscm ) Essay - 1774 Words

Today with the increase in global warming, air pollution and environmental degradation, environmental issues have become a prevalent concern for governments, societies and business organizations. Most of the environmental problems are considered to emanate from business organizations. Consequently greening the supply chain has become necessary as managers have increasingly begun to realize the need to be both environmentally and socially accountable for their activities. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is a relatively new concept that is becoming popular among manufacturers as both environmental and social issues are increasingly being recognized as management issues (Luthra, Kumar, Kumar Haleem, 2011). Green supply chain can be defined as the integration of environmental concerns into the inter-organizational practices of SCM including reverse logistics (Sarkis, Zhu Lai, 2011). Reverse logistics is the process of retrieving the product from the end consumer for the purposes of capturing value or proper disposal. Activities include collection, combined inspection/ selection/ sorting, re-processing/ direct recovery, redistribution, and disposal. Management of wastes in the outbound function such as reverse logistics and waste exchange can lead to cost savings and enhanced competitiveness (Rao, 2003). Increased globalization has greatly increased competition and this has brought about a growing demand flexibility and cost efficient systems by companies. Through theShow MoreRelatedContoh Revisi Rancangan Penelitian I1126 Words   |  5 Pagesdikenal dengan Green Supply Chain Model (GSCM) karena turut mensinergikan ilmu rantai pasokan dengan manajemen lingkungan. Dalam jurnal ilmiah Opportunities In Green Supply Chain Management, Johnny C. Ho, Maurice K. Shalishali, Tzu-Liang (Bill) Tseng, dan David S. Ang memberikan pemaparan singkat tentang GSCM : The green supply chain model shows the various points where wastes occur and opportunities exist to limit waste by reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing. In a green manufacturing environmentRead MoreWhat Is Supply Chain Management? Essay2257 Words   |  10 Pagessustainable and green supply chain management (GSCM). These GSCM’s are designed to take on old supply chain management systems by reducing the environmental costs of the supply chain. However there is no one industry normal way of doing this and there are many different reasoning’s as to why a company would want to have a GSCM system. In the literature review many articles focused on GSCM will be examined to further understand were agreement son GSCM and misconceptions are. It will help show how GSCM can beRead MoreThe Importance Of Green Supply Chain Management1230 Words   |  5 PagesYour Paper https://www.paperrater.com/plagiarism_checker/show_full/44063df5d48963b1bd571e91e ABSTRACT Top manufacturers in advanced countries normally have high environmental awareness and gadget practical environmental management observes such as green supply chain management (GSCM). Still, it is uncertain if lesser manufacturers in established coun- tries are more practical than all manufacturers in unindustrialized countries. To recognize this situation, we carried out surveys between minor andRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainability Through Green Supply Chain Management1872 Words   |  8 Pages through Green Supply Chain Practices: A Study on Indian Automobile Sector Saad Bin Azhar Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration Aligarh Muslim University saadbinazhar88@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Purpose – This paper highlights the role of green management practices in the development of environmentally responsive supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to reviewRead MoreReducing The Bull Whip Effect1373 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressing any short coming giving attain benefits in accessibility in point of sale data. Capturing data will provide valuable information which escapes up and down the supply chain unannounced the demand that is required in satisfying the customers. Combining all aspects in every characteristic collected at the lower level of the supply chain internally joins the common pieces and companies to share each and every demanding data. Stifling commodity that are forecasted prior to the actually event will deemRead MoreEconomic And Environmental Performance Of Vendor-Verhouse Gas ( VMI ) Supply Chains1295 Words   |  6 Pagesenergy consumption when reworking defective items and repairing machines. In this regard, this paper develops two-level (V endor-buyer) supply chain models that tackle these issues. The classical and vendor-managed inventory with consignment stock (VMI-CS) are considered as coordination policies. The objective of each model is to minimize the total cost of the supply chain, which includes the costs of inventory, GHG emissions and tax, energy usage, process quality, and transportation operations. The decisionRead MoreLiterature Review Supply Chain Management Essay5873 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿ Supply Chain Management: A Literature Review David Smith BUSI 610 Organizational Design and Structure Abstract Supply chain management is a practice that involves the planning, supervision, and implementation of strategies and controls to direct the movement of goods and services provided to customers. The intent of this essay is to incorporate a synopsis of existing literature and to provide the reader with a general understanding of how supply chain management correlates withRead MoreGreen Supply Chain Management Case Study933 Words   |  4 Pagesbeyond the boundary of their companies to implement green supply chain management (GSCM), that is, integrating environmental struggle into their SCM (Zhu et al., 2007). Leading firms in developed countries such as Japan are always proactive to environmental requirements, implementing inventive GSCM practices before and beyond regulatory requirements (Hosogai et al., 2009). For example, leading Japanese manufacturers implement GSCM at a upper level than Chinese manufacturers, andRead MoreThree Kinds Of Eco-Design1078 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufacturers and minor and medium-sized Japanese manufacturers are alert to international rules/alertness, but such alertness explain no effect on GSCM performs excepting eco-design. Indifference, traditional Chinese manufacturers are the minimum alert of international environmental rules/policies, whereas such limited alertness can apply to all GSCM performs. Many potential reasons may exist for such conditions. First, eco-design may be sufficient or at least helpful to overcome tasks from internationalRead MoreGreen Supply Chain Management3556 Words   |  15 PagesGreen Supply Chain Management Environment Management Project Group Members: Smruti Ranjan Dora F016 Ishan Mittal F036 Deepankar Mukherjee F037 Pratik Nandekar F040 Akash Pandey F044 Kriti Talwar F064 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Globalization and Greening the Supply Chain: .................................................................................

The Tragic Heroes Of Sophocles Antigone - 1188 Words

The key element in tragedy is that heroes and heroines are destroyed by that which appears to be their greatest strength, said by Robert Shea. This quote could have been directed to Antigone. Antigone, the heroine in Sophocles tragic play Antigone, chose to stand my her family s side knowing that she was betraying her own kingdom. Being prohibited to bury one her brothers by the king, Antigone decided to bury her brother anyway. On the other hand, Beowulf, the great hero in the unknown Beowulf , battles three monsters and defeats two of the battles. Although Beowulf recognized that he was not going to be successful in his last brawl, he proceeded to battle the dragon. Both of these heroes greatest strengths is what cause their flaw†¦show more content†¦He displays sympathy when saying that after hearing about Grendel and its cruel murderous attacks during hours of darkness, he was motivated to help the Danes defeat Grendel. Also, Beowulf shows how confident he is in his abi lity to defeat a monster like Grendel, showing no intimidation. He strongly believes that he is the right guy for the job. There is a multitude of words that can describe why Antigone an Beowulf were heroes. However, the three words mentioned do a phenomenal job in displaying it. There cannot be any heroes without any falls. Considering that most heroes are normal people, most of them always seem to come across an obstacle that causes them to fall and be known as a tragic hero. Antigone s character flaw is that she is very stubborn. She is blinded by her parents and brothers deaths and does not realize that Ismene, her sister , needs her more than ever. When hearing that Antigone was going to ignore Creon s orders and bury their brother, Ismene tried convincing her into not going through with the plan. Antigone viewed Ismene sShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Heroes Of Sophocles Oedipus The King And Antigone1275 Words   |  6 Pagesbut controlling characteristics one may have. It carves the path for many plays and stories and is usually not recognized until a situation is too late to fix. This is represented in the two plays Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles. Oedipus and Creon, the two the tragic heroes, have ignorance built up inside of them, though bot h are different. They then both then have realisation of their blindness by self-love, either by themselves or others. It is only two late when they see reality becauseRead MoreThe Tragic Heroes in Sophocles’ Tragedy, Antigone Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesof a tragic hero is someone of great importance or royalty. The hero must go through something terrible such as a relative’s death. We must feel what this character is feeling throughout the story. Aristotle also said that a tragic hero scan be defeated by a tragic flaw, such as hubris or human pride. In Sophocles’ tragedy Antigone, both Creon and Antigone are tragic heroes. In the play, Creon and Antigone can be seen as good or bad characters. Both of them show traits of justice. Antigone wantedRead MoreThe Tragic Heroes Of Sophocles Oedipus Rex And Antigone Essay2374 Words   |  10 PagesAncient Greece where fate and self-will were the main themes of the plays. Many plays displayed the tragic hero as a victim of their own fate while others blamed the heroes for their suffering. The plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone, written by Sophocles, display the themes defined by Aristotle. Are we the authors of our fate or is our fate written and destined to happen? In both plays, Oedipus and Antigone face their downfall because of self-will. They bring on their own doom because of their actionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Antigone By Sophocles1074 Words   |  5 Pages1 Gabriel Smith Professor Christopher Foster English 1302 01 March 2016 Essay 2: Antigone A hero is a person who shows courage or noble qualities in the face of danger. There are many different types of heroes in literature and media such as superheroes saving the world, or an everyday fireman saving a kitten from a tree. Deriving from Greek literature, tragic heroes are common among early literature. Tragic heroes are defined by Aristotle by the following requirements, they must come from royaltyRead MoreEssay about The Greek Gods Did Not Think Before They Acted1615 Words   |  7 PagesHeroes are often individuals who are revered for their noble actions, courageous deeds, or simply remarkable feats. They are remembered and commended throughout their life span and after their passing as they touch the people around them in a positive manner. 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One may see Creon as a harsh and controlling ruler, but he is not good nor bad because he shows signs of both like whenRead More Creon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesCreon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone There has always been a bit of confusion as to the tragic hero of the Greek Drama Antigone. Many assume that simply because the play is named for Antigone, that she is the tragic hero. However, evidence supports that Creon, and not Antigone, is the tragic hero of the play. Examining the factors that create a Greek Tragedy, and a tragic character, it is clear that the tragic hero is in fact Creon. First, take into account the timeframe in whichRead More Creon is the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Creon is the Tragic Hero of Antigone nbsp; When the title of a play is a characters name, it is normally assumed that the character is the protagonist of the play. In Sophocles Antigone, most people probably believe Antigone to be the tragic heroine, even after they have finished watching the play. It may be argued, however, that Creon, not Antigone, is the tragic character. When we examine the nature and concept of the Greek Tragedy and what it means to be a tragic character, it becomesRead MoreTragic Hero Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesTragic Hero In many, a tragedy do the tragic heroes have flaws that lead themselves to their own demise. The main character always acts exactly on his or her own emotions; thus aiding their tragic flaw and leading to their own demise without giving them the time to stop the repercussions of their emotion driven actions. 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The Lazarus Project And Grace Ministries The Role Of...

The Lazarus Project and Grace Ministries: The Role of Religious Nonprofits in Addressing Personal and Social Problems Ines W. Jindra Abstract: In this paper, a review essay of Psychology and Spiritual Transformation in a Substance Abuse Program: The Lazarus Project, I examine spiritual transformation in the context of substance abuse and homelessness. I first tackle the question whether change results mostly from individual spiritual transformation experiences or the social surrounding converts are part of based on my own research on spiritual transformation and homelessness as well as Williamson and Hood’s work, and then examine the debate surrounding the application of Foucault’s â€Å"technologies of self† to programs such as the Lazarus Project. The last part of the paper offers a few methodological suggestions in the study of similar projects. Keywords: addictions, homelessness, spiritual transformation, religious conversion, recovery Introduction Scattered throughout many cities in the U.S., one will find a variety of nonprofit organizations that assist and work with individuals and families suffering from addictions, homelessness, and poverty. A crucial part of the safety net, these organizations rely on a mix of public and private funding to fulfill their goals, which range widely across a number of constituencies and needs. Some of them are branches of international organizations, such as the Salvation Army, while others are often agencies with local roots. Some

Heliocentrism Essay Example For Students

Heliocentrism Essay The impact of the Heliocentric Theory Heliocentric: Relating to the sun as acenter; appearing as if seen from the suns center.(Webster,447) Theheliocentric theory was first introduced to the world by a Polish astronomernamed Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus published his views on the heliocentrictheory in his book Commentariolus, in 1514, which sparked the time period nowknown as the Copernican Revolution. Heliocentrism was proven true by thediscoveries of Galileo, Kepler, and Newton; through their efforts to prove thevalidity of the heliocentric theory people began to find truth in sciencethrough experimentation rather than religion with no proof. Many scientists wentthrough great ordeals for their scientific beliefs, thus making the heliocentrictheory the most electrifying idea in human history. Ancient peoples believed inGods and deities for causes to nature and the unexplained. Once the fourthcentury BC rolled around, people began to see astronomical phenomenaas natural compound p roducts of simple operations repeated inperpetuity rather than the actions of Gods. (Morphet, p.6) Greeks did notrevere celestial bodies very strongly in their religion, despite having deitiesfor the Sun and Moon. (North, p.78) Different peoples beliefs varied greatly inancient times. Different countries progressed in thought at different speeds. During the Renaissance, many began to toss aside medieval preoccupationswith supernatural forces and turned to secular concerns like fame. (Yamasaki,p.50) With the Age of Discovery, people began to think forthemselves and ponder truths through philosophy, science, astronomy, astrology,etc. Philosophers minds began to turn, the human mind was finally awake. Plato,a famous Greek philosopher, believed stars were Gods that the creator gave lifeto. This view was very influential and proved to be sort of a religion forintellectual idealists, no longer for the populace. At the time, the thought ofheavenly bodies being divine, and stars being eternal objects in unchangingmotion were common knowledge. Thinking otherwise was considered Atheistic. (North, p.78) Fellow famous Renaissance man, and Platos pupil, Aristotle, wasalso a very important figure. Born in Stagira in 384, Aristotle is regarded asthe most influential ancient philosopher of the sciences. Aristotle refinedCallippus geometrical and spherical concepts, and developed the geocentrictheory, which was believed for two thousand years. (North, p.80) Aristotlebelieved that the sphere is the most perfect figure because when rotated to anydiameter it occupies the same space; and that circular motions are a sign ofperfection, which is why Heaven is considered divine. The spherical nature ofthe Earth and Universe according to Aristotle, is the natural movement ofEarthly matter from all places downwards, to a center, around which a sphere ofmatter will build up. Only circular motion is capable of endlessrepetition without a reversal of direction, and rotary motion is prior to linearbecause what is external, or at least could have always existed, is prior, or atleast potent ially prior, to what is not. In Aristotles book De Caelo (Onthe Heavens), he speaks of the celestial sphere, the Earths center being thesame shape, and dismissing the idea of the Earth rotating at the center of theuniverse. He also dismisses the idea of an orbital motion of the Earth. (North,p.81) Contradicting Aristotle, Heracleides, an astronomer, believed in therotation of the Earth on its axis and is known to be the earliest astronomer tostand by it. He was thought to have taken the first step in Copernicanism.It is believed in the years to follow that Copernicus was said to have mentionedHeracleides name in this connection. (North, p.85) Aristarchus of Samos was thefirst astronomer to clearly put forth a true sun-centered theory, learned fromArchimedes. (North, p.85) Aristarchus hypotheses are that the fixedstars and the Sun are stationary, that the Earth is carried in a circular orbitaround the Sun, which lies in the middle of its orbit, and that the spheres offixed stars, hav ing the same center as the Sun, is so great in extent that thecircle on which the Earth is supposedly carried is in the same ratio to thedistance of the sphere has to its surface. (North, p.85-6) If Aristarchusdid believe in heliocentrism, he still could not prove the differences in theEarths motion and seasons, which explains its failure to be accepted. (North,p.86-7) Although scientists such as Eudoxus, Callippus, and Aristotle all cameup with Earth-centered systems based by providing a center for all motions,Ptolemy was triumphant for he was able to explain sphere sizes and achieved asingle system, which was not done by the others. When Ptolemy achieved asingle system, the sizes of the shells accommodating maximum and minimumplanetary distances were settled on the principle that there must be no void, nowasted space, between them. (North, p.285) His misconception was hebelieved that if the Earth was not fixed entirely, it would shatter, even thoughCopernicus reveals that planets distances from Earth and motions vary, and thatthe Earth endlessly repeats in motion. (North, p.286) Despite the CatholicChurch adopting Ptolemys and Aristotles beliefs of geocentrism, those theoriesdid not correspond to the astronomical observations of the time. (Yamasaki,p.50) The Copernican Revolution began during the European Renaissance and wasnamed after Nicolaus Copernicus. (Morphet, p.4) this period sawelements of a modern scientific outlook extend its boundaries into areas ofenquiry where observation and measurement had hitherto been less important thanphilosophical speculation and a priori reasoning. (Morphet, p.4-5)although the Copernican heliocentric theory dealt directly with thestructure of the solar system, its indirect consequences embraced the wholefabric of thought, inaugurating a breakthrough in peoples outlook on the world. Copernicus liberated the human mind, which had been fettered up to his day bytraditional conventions, and he opposed the basing of science solely on sensoryexperiences. Taking a stand against the entire world of that time and againstthe supreme authority that he recognizedthe church and the Holy Scripture,against the views consolidated and sanctified by the knowledge of scholars ofmany previous centurieshe instilled into the minds of men boldness inthinking, but he also taught them humility in the quest for truth. Copernicusscience of the stars is also a science of man and his place on an Earth which isspinning through the universe. (Adamczewski, p. 156-7) Copernicuspublished the first outline on heliocentrism in his book Commentary on theHypothesis of the Movement of Celestial Orbs, in 1514. It was the first of itskind, without all of the mathematics. (Adamczewski, p.114) The Copernican theoryexplained the Earth-Sun line and gave a more plausible reason as to why theSuns role is imp ortant in the motions of the Moon and planets in the solarsystem when compared to Ptolemys. By introducing the Sun into the theoryof motion of every planet, Copernicus made it possible to represent all in asingle system. (North, p.285) The heliocentric system presented theplanets positions more logically, going around or below the Sun. It alsoexplained the relative sizes of the planets retrograde arcs and whyouter-stellar planets are brightest in opposition. (North, p.287) Societysreaction to the heliocentric system was not a favorable one. Many people thoughtWho would dare to place Copernicus authority higher than the HolyScripture? (Adamczewski, p.148) Believing that the Earth rotates on itsaxis, planets revolve around the Sun, and planetary orbits were elliptical dueto the force of gravity was then thought of as inconceivable. (Morphet, p.4)Copernicus was passionately criticized by colleagues and peers for hisenthusiasm of the ancient philosophers, who were viewed as incorrect. ( Adamczewski,p.141) The only point that Copernicus was trying to makes was thatthere does not exist any common center for all the celestial orbs orspheres; the center of the Earth is not the center of the universe; but only thecenter of gravity and the center of the Moons path; all the planets revolvearound the Sun, which is the center. (Adamczewski, p.115) As a result ofthe bad reaction towards Copernicus views, he hesitated from publishing hisfamous book De Revolutionibus. Copernicus claims that apprehension of thederision which I had to fear because of the hard-to- understand novelty of mytheory. (Adamczewski, p.144) Prior to the March 21, 1543 publication of DeRevolutionibus, a falsifier of Copernicus work, Andreas Osiander, added his ownforeword to the book saying that it was a fictitious scheme forcalculations, just an hypothesis. Osiander also had the audacity to changeCopernicus title to De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. (Adamczewski, p.153-4)To free himself from heresy, Copernicus dedicated his book to Pope Paul III:I am fully aware, Holy Father, that as soon as they hear that in thesevolumes of mine about the revolutions of the spheres of the universe I attributesome sort of motion to the Earth, some persons will immediately raise a cry ofcondemnation against me and my theories. (Adamczewski, p.152) Ironically,Copernicus forward in De Revolutionibus states that Copernicusconveys to his contemporaries and to generations to come his new ideas whichwere to prove to be so dangerous to the order then extant. (Adamczewski,p.137) Little did he know how true his words were. De Revolutionibus consists ofsix volumes: 1)General survey of Copernicus system, and plane and sphericaltriangles. 2)Spherical astronomy. 3)The precession and motion of the Earth. My Scooter EssayGalileo lived to be 78 years old, and died in 1642 due to sickness causing histo be bedridden his last three years. Through Galileos experiments anddiscoveries he was able to confirm Copernicus theories, further developedobservational astronomy, and with Kepler, prepared the groundwork for IsaacNewtons discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation. (Adamczewski, p.158)BibliographyPrimary North, John. The Norton History of Astronomy ans Cosmology. New York:W.W. Norton and Company, 1995. Information on the history of astronomy,cosmology, and the important figures who helped to further develop science. Quotes and information were used in my report. Adamczewski, Jan. NicolausCopernicus and His Epoch. Washington DC: Copernicus Society of America, 197-. Abiography on Nicolaus Copernicus. Information on Copernicus and quotes were usedin my report. Morphet, Clive. Galileo and Copernican Astronomy: A scientificworld view defined. Boston: Buttherworths, 1977. The influence of Copernicus andGalileo in the history of science. Information and quotes on these two figureswere used in my report. Silverburg, Robert. Four Men Who Changed the Universe. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons, 1968. Information on four figures who changedscience: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Brahe. Quotes and facts on all four ofthese men were used in my report. Copernican System. Passages fromDe Revolutionibus. http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Things/copernican_system.htmlWebsite containing information on Galileo, and other science-related thingsinvolving Galileo. A picture of Copernicus heliocentric theory was used to helpwith the background information to my report. Secondary Sis, Peter. StarryMessenger. New York: Frances Foster Books, 1996. A pictorial biography ofGalileo Galilei. Information on his life was used for background information tomy report. Yamasaki, Mitch. The Scientific Revolution in Pre-Modern Europe. Honolulu, Hawaii: National History Day, 1998. An essay on the ScientificRevolution sparked by the introduction of heliocentrism. Information onCopernicus and his influences were used for background information. Galileo, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 96 Encyclopedia. (c)1993-1995Microsoft Corp. This CD-ROM contained photos and information on Galileo Galilei. Facts on Galileo were used for background information in my report. Johannes Kepler, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia. (c)1993-1997 Microsoft Corp. This CD-ROM article contained general informationon Kepler. Facts on his impact in science were used in my research. People WhoHave Influenced Our Ideas of the Solar System. http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/psc/theman.htmlThis website contained information on key figures in the development ofastronomy. Information on scientists was used in my research.